重写内容：
across 和 through 的区别
语法梳理：王兴刚老师
适合人群：英语教师、英语专业学生、初高中生等
在英语学习中，类似的难点十分常见。这些问题往往源于过度依赖母语表达习惯，导致二语习得过程的偏差。
英语中的每个词语都有其特定的使用场景。如果这些场景与中文语境高度重合，理解起来就相对容易；否则，就会产生困难。类似的现象还包括瞬态动词和双重所有格等。
across 和 through 的中文含义均为“通过”、“穿过”，甚至两者的英文词条解释都为 from one side to another。混淆也就情有可原。
across 和 through 的使用场景
- across
作为介词（本文仅讨论介词用法，不涉及副词用法）：
From one side to the other of a surface.
例如：
I ran across the street.
Travelling across Europe.
- through
作为介词（本文仅讨论介词用法，不涉及副词用法）：
① Moving in one side and out of the other side of an opening or passage.
例如：
Stepping boldly through the doorway.
② So as to make a hole or opening in a physical object
例如：
The lorry smashed through a brick wall.
③ Moving around or from one side to the other with a crowd or group.
例如：
Making my way through the guests.
④ So as to be perceived from the other side of an intervening obstacle.
例如：
The sun was streaming in through the window.
结论：
从词条解释可以看出，through 的应用场景更为具体，主要有以下四种情况：穿越通道、破墙而入、人群穿行、穿过或越过障碍物。
而 across 仅仅强调从一边到另一边。事实上，这一说法也有具体的定义，下文将详细阐述。across 表示穿越一个物体的表面，从一端到另一端。
使用示例
- 第一组
I went ACROSS the desert.
I went THROUGH the desert.
从语境上看，这两个句子都可以正确使用，具体取决于具体情况。如果你从沙漠的一端出发，一路走到另一端，那么你可以说 you go “across” the desert。如果你在沙漠的一个地方出发，走了 20 公里后，你被直升机接走了，那么你应该说 you walked through the desert， until you found the helicopter.
解释：
对于沙漠而言，through 和 across 都可以使用。如果你成功穿越了沙漠，那就用 across。如果你中途放弃了，那么 through 的意思是“借道而行”，这就使用了 across。
- 第二组
“Walk through the tunnel”
“Walk across the tunnel”
“Walk through the tunnel” 的意思是，从隧道的一端进入，从另一端出来。
“Walk across the tunnel” 可能也表示同样意思，但前提是上下文有这样的设定。它还可以表示以下含义：从隧道的一个侧门进入，从另一个侧门出去（即走捷径，而不是全程穿过）；或者从隧道上方经过（例如，如果隧道是地下隧道，而公路在上面经过）；或者类似的变体意思。
In general， “through” implies the entrance into something and then exiting from the other end， whereas “across” implies the act of crossing something， without necessarily going inside it.
Explanation:
Through focuses on the “in-out” aspect， emphasizing the traversal along the long side.
Across emphasizes “surface passage，” focusing on the traversal along the short side.
Summary: Use “through” only when it involves a sense of “being inside.”
- Group 3
The difference between “through” and “across” is that “through” is used to describe movement in three-dimensional space. It is also used to describe inward movement.
When discussing grass and lawns， use “through” if the area is covered with tall or long grass:
When my dog runs through long grass， it’s difficult to find him.
However， use “across” if the area is covered with short or small grass or a lawn.
Explanation:
For grasscovered places， focus on grass height. Use “through” for tall grass and “across” for short grass.
- Group 4
As the name suggests， “across” is used to describe transverse movement of a person or object. On the other hand， “through” denotes movement from one side of a passage toward the other side.
She walked through the pool.
She walked across the pool.
Initially， these two sentences may appear similar， but examining their literal meanings reveals the difference. In the first example， “through” means by way of， while in the second example， “across” means side to side.
Explanation:
Through: Emphasizes passage or permeation through. Pool is considered a means and pathway.
Across: Emphasizes traversal and crossing from one edge to the other. Pool is considered a span or boundary.
Summary: “Through” is used for traversing to the other side， not emphasizing reaching it. “Across” implies completing the movement from one side to the other. This explanation aligns with the previous desert example.
- Group 5
As the name signifies， “across” indicates crosswise arrangement or movement from one end or side to the other. On the other hand， “through” refers to movement in and out of an enclosed space.
“Across” is used for movement in two-dimensional open spaces such as fields， ground， bridges， roads， etc. Conversely， “through” is used for movements in three-dimensional enclosed spaces such as tunnels， doorways， forests， etc.
Across
- The dog ran across the garden and then disappeared after some time.
- That house across the street belongs to my uncle.
- I came across your profile suddenly.
Through
- Amar was penalized for driving through a red light.
- Our car passed through the tunnel.
- He hit the nail through the hammer.
Explanation:
With “across，” the terrain is flat， and the movement occurs on a two-dimensional plane.
With “through，” the terrain is立体， enclosed， and bounded on all sides， forming a three-dimensional encasement. Examples include tunnels， bushes， crowds， doorways， forests， etc. Movement occurs within this three-dimensional space.
Based on the dictionary entries and native English speakers’ explanations， we can identify some patterns. Here is a summary of these patterns:
General Principles:
1. Across: Surface， two-dimensional， emphasizes crossing
2. Through: Interior， three-dimensional， emphasizes pathway
Specific Scenarios:
1. 【Places Where Ground and Space Intersect】
When the area is enclosed， forming a three-dimensional space， and the movement involves passing through this space， use “through.” If the movement does not pass through， but instead traverses the surface， use “across.” Common examples include doorways， crowds， tunnels， forests， etc.
For instance， when someone walks through a forest， “through” is used. However， if a plane flies from one side of a forest to the other， “across” is used.
across 和 through 的区别
2. 【仅地面】
对于二维平面的事物，要用across。但across往往强调截断、横截的感觉。所以与主方向成90°切割我们用across；顺着主方向我们用through。常见的场景是街道。
从街道的一侧走到另一侧必须用across；但如果沿着大街顺着走，可以用through。前者强调的是我越过了，跨越了。后者强调一种方式，途径。所以跨越了沙漠我们用across，有一种征服的感觉。如果没能跨越，就用through，有一种置身沙漠里面，迷茫、迷路的感觉。把沙漠作为一种道路，走在道路上。
across 和 through 的区别
3. 【水面上下】
水面是二维的，但包含水下那就变成了三维。所以要看表达的意思究竟是什么。
Swim across the river. 强调从河的一侧游到了另一侧。强调的是游过去了，战胜了河流，重点在人的位置。
Swim through the river. 强调在水下（或者水面水下交替）游了过去。强调的是怎么过的河，水路过的，重点在方式。
across 和 through 的区别
4. 【天桥】
天桥属于半空。如果是那种半包围或者全包围的天桥。如同一条隧道那种天桥，我们说过街过桥就用through。如果是正常的天桥，只有脚下有路，两边是扶手。这种就用across。即：过天桥（横切马路），虽然我们是顺着天桥走，但是也要用across。
across 和 through 的区别
5.【村落、楼房】
这种场所，虽然没有实现全包围，但是也相当于全包围。因此人从中经过，河流流过，小溪流过，洪水冲过，这种都用through。飞机、飞碟能飞起来的，如果从上空过，且参考位置的变化是从一侧到另一侧，我们用across。如果飞机、飞碟或无人机等，能从楼群中穿过，低空飞行，我们用through。
across 和 through 的区别
6.【人群、车流】
对于人群，车流这种虽然不高，但是也跟森林、树林一样，用through。某人在人群或车群中艰难前行，这种场景我们就用through，没有across。
across 和 through 的区别
7. 【公园、绿地】
对于这种平面的，我们一般用across。常见的搭配是小河流淌过公园或绿地。但如果我们就想把公园（毕竟含有树木、座椅等）看做立体的，强调小河穿堂而过，我们用through也可以。
across 和 through 的区别
> 8. 【草丛、灌木丛】
草丛既可以看成平面的，也可以看成立体的，这取决于相对高度。一般来说：
– 如果草丛、灌木丛较矮，可忽略其高度并强调横向位置感，则使用 across。
– 如果它们较高，产生躲藏感，则使用 through。
– 没有具体语境时，两个词均可使用。
> 9. 【管道】
对于管道类物体，如果物体内部可通行，无论是人、水流还是河流，则使用 through。如果物体外部可通过，沿着管道直径移动，则使用 across。例如，一个直径 10 米、长度几十公里的管道。对于直径一端的移动，使用 across；对于沿着管道内部的移动，无论是否到达另一端，使用 through。
对于其他场景，可根据以上类似原则判断。
同学们，掌握了吗？